The Potential Users Of Financial Accounting Information Accounting Essay Example For Students

The Potential Users Of Financial Accounting Information Accounting Essay The users are an of import constituent in accounting systems, and play a cardinal function in utility of fiscal accounting information. Financial accounting is a term normally applied to external coverage by supplying information about the fiscal place of a concern to a broad scope of users in doing economic determinations ( Weetman, 2011 ) . The intent of this paper is to reexamine the relationships between the possible users and existent users of fiscal accounting information and the relevance grounds to current pattern. A assortment of different statements have been put frontward about this issue. We will write a custom essay on The Potential Users Of Financial Accounting Information Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The paper has been divided into five parts. It first gives a brief overview of who the possible users of fiscal accounting information are. Second, it deals with the existent users of the information. It so goes on to how utile of fiscal accounting information is and looks at how strong is the grounds that they use information in the ways predicted. Finally, the ground why the possible users may non be existent users of fiscal accounting information is carried out. Outline1 The possible users of fiscal accounting information2 Actual users of the fiscal accounting information3 The utility of fiscal accounting information4 usage information in the ways predicted5 possible users may non be existent users of fiscal information6 Decision7 Appendix 1 The possible users of fiscal accounting information Fiscal accounting purposes to let users to understand the economic activity of the company ( Stolowy, et al. , 2010 ) . For a limited liability company fiscal statements would incorporate balance sheet, net income and loss history, statement of recognized additions and losingss and hard currency flow statement ( Weetman, 2011 ) . Without users, fiscal accounting information will lost its function. Harmonizing to FASB ( 2010 ) , the aim of fiscal coverage is to supply utile fiscal information for bing and possible users to do economic determinations. There are several users who are interested in fiscal accounting information. Atrill and Mclaney ( 2008 ) stated that the intent of fiscal information to be used and the individual fiscal information to be given must be clear. By definition and different demands from each other, it could specify as internal users such as directors and external users which include proprietors, loaners, authorities, employees, rivals, clients, community, and providers ( IASC, 1989 ) . General purpose fiscal statements expected accounting information which would be of involvement to a broad scope of user groups ( FASB, 2010 ) , see appendix 1. Therefore, everyone could be the possible users of fiscal accounting information every bit long as there is a demand for the information. Actual users of the fiscal accounting information From the internal direction position, it has been argued that the chief users of accounting information about an organisation could be those who manage the company every twenty-four hours, such as directors ( Weetman, 2011 ) . A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory ( ASOBAT ) did non declare any peculiar user group such as investors to be primary users. Alternatively, it has been asserted that utile information was required for both internal and external intent. Classified users of accounting information into two wide groups: external users which include present and possible investors, creditors, employees, stock exchanges, governmental units and clients on contrast with internal direction. However, Harmonizing to FASB ( 2010 ) , the primary users of fiscal accounting information refer to bing and possible investors, loaners, and other creditors. They need entities describing information provided indirectly. As existent users are contained in the possible users, see appendix 2, if th ey have same involvements in the fiscal accounting information, the existent users might include directors, loaners, providers, clients, rivals, employees, authorities and community ( Britton and Waterston, 2006 ) . Similar decision has been argued by Atrill and McLaney ( 2008 ) , Perks ( 2007 ) and Weetman ( 2011 ) . The utility of fiscal accounting information Most of users treat the fiscal statements as the chief beginning of fiscal information. Harmonizing to IASB ( 1989 ) , it assumes that if fiscal statements run into the demands of investors, it will besides run into the demands of most other users ( Weetman, 2011 ) . The utility of accounting information is under premiss of its high qualitative features. There are four chief qualitative features which are described as relevancy, dependability, comparison and comprehensibility. However, merely if the information really makes a alteration in users determinations could specify it as relevancy Framework ( 1989 ) . Besides accounting information should be material and the benefits of supplying the information should outweigh the costs ( Atrill and Mclaney, 2008 ) . .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 , .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .postImageUrl , .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 , .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4:hover , .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4:visited , .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4:active { border:0!important; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4:active , .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4 .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b18a028b4443be52b624463b7e7ede4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Changing Divorce Laws EssayThe intent of fiscal statements is non meant to run into all the users demands ( FASB, 2010 ) . It is possible to fix the fiscal statements for general intent which will hold some involvements for all users. For case, as investors provide hazard capital to the company, the proviso of fiscal statements meets both investors and other users who are interested in gauging hazards ( Stolowy, et al. , 2010 ) . These fiscal studies are valuable for users who have no bargaining power and no important economic influence in organisations ( Elliott and Elliott, 2009 ) . It has been asserted that general purpose fiscal statements tend to concentrate on the p rimary users which included the proprietors, long-run loaners and creditors. The involvements of primary users might overlap with the involvements of other user groups. Therefore, this could fulfill most users demands for fiscal accounting information ( Weetman, 2011 ) . The fiscal statements, which dainty proprietors, loaners and creditors as primary users, could supply utile fiscal accounting information for the being of users. usage information in the ways predicted The fiscal accounting information could assist users to do determinations and cut down uncertainness over the fiscal place and public presentation of the concern. For illustration, to assist handiness of financess to pay proprietors a return, to refund loans, to honor employees ( Atrill and Mclaney, 2008 ) . It has been claimed that accounting information can non run into all of the demands of each of the assorted user groups ( FASB, 2010 ) . Atrill and Mclaney ( 2008 ) stated that Different groups of users have different value and demands. However, user groups desire to cognize more accounting information as possible. Conflict between user groups is likely happen during concern processing. For case, directors they have close engagement with the concern, they have entree to a broad scope of information and most might be confidential in company ( Weetman, 2011 ) . They know more internal information about the current and future state of affairs of the company than outside investors. T his could be defined as information dissymmetry ( Scott, 2009 ) . Investor might do incorrect determination based on inaccurate information provided by directors, so they want to cognize more information besides the fiscal statements. It is further contended that there are several user groups they want to run into specific demands straight from the concern, such as authoritiess, HM Revenue and Customs, and directors and managers. Lenders are normally given much more information than is included in published fiscal statements, including prognosis information, monthly dislocations and hard currency budgets ( Perks, 2007 ) . To hold everything to be included in a company s fiscal statements is unrealistic ( Perks, 2007 ) . Fiscal accounting information is presented as the signifier of extremely summarized fiscal statements. The chief job with the fiscal information demands of the user groups are that most want to cognize predict the hereafter. Stockholders, creditors, loaners and employees all want to cognize what the company s future chances are. But most of information in fiscal statements has already happened ( Stice and Stice, 2006 ) . Many users concerned how valuable the past information was and the dependability of concern hereafter prognosis. Therefore, it is non possible for a company to print precisely the information that everyone wants. The information is designed on the behalf of focal point on stockholders and creditors ( Perks, 2007 ) There is no similar replacement for the information provided by the fiscal statements. Therefore, if users can non garner the needed information signifier the fiscal statements. It is frequently unavailable to them. Other beginnings of information refering the fiscal wellness of a concern are usually much less utile. As a consequence, the grounds is non strong plenty for the user groups to utilize information in the manner predicated and it is usually really hard to measure the impact of accounting on decision-making ( Atrill and Mclaney, 2008 ) .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 , .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .postImageUrl , .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 , .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409:hover , .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409:visited , .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409:active { border:0!important; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409:active , .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409 .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab5918513c76cb13fdad1bb4ca209409:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: BIBLIOGRAFHY Essaypossible users may non be existent users of fiscal information As Young ( 2006 ) claimed some of the existent users were multiple, conflicting, inconsistent, and uneducated. These users are undependable and limited cognition about fiscal accounting information and its procedure. FASB ( 2010 ) have conducted a new construct of the fiscal statement user-a rational economic decision-maker. It means that the determinations of involvement are rational, if statements can be connected to the prognosis of future hard currency flows, it could be said rational determination shapers need it. Users can be seen more as conjectural readers of fiscal statements than as existent users, because they need peculiar types of information ( Young, 2006 ) . Furthermore, the conflicting demands of users and limited information provided in studies might do possible users can non happen information utile to them ( Atrill and McLaney, 2008 ) . Therefore, the possible users might non be the existent users of fiscal accounting information, a part of possible users could be. Decision In decision, the current paper has reviewed the users of fiscal accounting information. The inquiry posed at the beginning of this paper was to analyze the grounds why the possible users may non be existent users of fiscal accounting information and relevance grounds to pattern. It has been seen that different users have different demands, even fiscal statements concentrate on primary users to supply utile information. However, it could non accomplish the expected degree and can non run into all users demands. It may hence be concluded from the above treatment that the existent users are a part of possible users. Potential users might non be existent users of fiscal accounting information. Appendix 1 The relationship between possible users and existent users: Potential users Actual users Primary users Appendix 2 Users and their information demands ( FASB,2010 ) Investors. The suppliers of hazard capital and their advisors are concerned with the hazard inherent in, and return provided by, their investings. They need information to assist them find whether they should purchase, keep or sell. Stockholders are besides interested in information which enables them to measure the ability of the entity to pay dividends. Employees. Employees and their representative groups are interested in information about the stableness and profitableness of their employers. They are besides interested in information which enables them to measure the ability of the entity to supply wage, retirement benefits and employment chances. Lenders. Lenders are interested in information that enables them to find whether their loans, and the involvement attaching to them, will be paid when due. Suppliers and other trade creditors. Suppliers and other creditors are interested in information that enables them to find whether sums owing to them will be paid when due. Trade creditors are likely to be interested in an entity over a shorter period than loaners unless they are dependent upon the continuance of the entity as a major client. Customers. Customers have an involvement in information about the continuation of an entity, particularly when they have a long-run engagement with, or are dependent on, the entity. Governments and their bureaus. Governments and their bureaus are interested in the allotment of resources and, hence, the activities of entities. They besides require information in order to modulate the activities of entities, determine revenue enhancement policies and as the footing for national income and similar statistics. Public. Entities affect members of the populace in a assortment of ways. For illustration, entities may do a significant part to the local economic system in many ways including the figure of people they employ and their backing of local providers. Fiscal statements may help the populace by supplying information about the tendencies and recent developments in the prosperity of the entity and the scope of its activities.

Free Essays on Trig

Take an x-axis and an y-axis (orthonormal) and let o be the origin. A circle centered in o and with radius = 1, is called a trigonometric circle or unit circle. Turning counterclockwise is the positive orientation in trigonometry. Angles are measured starting from the x-axis. Two units to measure an angle are degrees and radians An orthogonal angle = 90 degrees = pi/2 radians In this theory we use mainly radians. With each real number t corresponds just one angle, and just one point p on the unit circle, when we start measuring on the x-axis. We call that point the image point of t. Examples: with pi/6 corresponds the angle t and point p on the circle. with -pi/2 corresponds the angle u and point q on the circle. Trigonometric numbers of a real number t With t radians corresponds exactly one point p on the unit circle. The x-coordinate of p is called the cosine of t. We write cos(t). The y-coordinate of p is called the sine of t. We write sin(t). The number sin(t)/cos(t) is called the tangent of t. We write tan(t). The number cos(t)/sin(t) is called the cotangent of t. We write cot(t). The number 1/cos(t) is called the secant of t. We write sec(t) The number 1/sin(t) is called the cosecant of t. We write csc(t) The line with equation sin(t).x - cos(t).y = 0 contains the origin and point p(cos(t),sin(t)). So this line is op. On this line we take the intersection point s(1,?) with the line x=1. It is easy to see that ? = tan(t). So tan(t) is the y-coordinate of the point s. Analogous cotan(t) is the x-coordinate of the intersection point s' of the line op with the line y=1. Basic formulas With t radians corresponds exactly one point p(cos(t),sin(t)) on the unit circle. The square of the distance [op] = 1. Calculating this distance with the coordinates of p we have for each t : cos ²(t) + sin ²(t) = 1 sin ²(t) cos ²(t)+sin ²(t) 1... Free Essays on Trig Free Essays on Trig Take an x-axis and an y-axis (orthonormal) and let o be the origin. A circle centered in o and with radius = 1, is called a trigonometric circle or unit circle. Turning counterclockwise is the positive orientation in trigonometry. Angles are measured starting from the x-axis. Two units to measure an angle are degrees and radians An orthogonal angle = 90 degrees = pi/2 radians In this theory we use mainly radians. With each real number t corresponds just one angle, and just one point p on the unit circle, when we start measuring on the x-axis. We call that point the image point of t. Examples: with pi/6 corresponds the angle t and point p on the circle. with -pi/2 corresponds the angle u and point q on the circle. Trigonometric numbers of a real number t With t radians corresponds exactly one point p on the unit circle. The x-coordinate of p is called the cosine of t. We write cos(t). The y-coordinate of p is called the sine of t. We write sin(t). The number sin(t)/cos(t) is called the tangent of t. We write tan(t). The number cos(t)/sin(t) is called the cotangent of t. We write cot(t). The number 1/cos(t) is called the secant of t. We write sec(t) The number 1/sin(t) is called the cosecant of t. We write csc(t) The line with equation sin(t).x - cos(t).y = 0 contains the origin and point p(cos(t),sin(t)). So this line is op. On this line we take the intersection point s(1,?) with the line x=1. It is easy to see that ? = tan(t). So tan(t) is the y-coordinate of the point s. Analogous cotan(t) is the x-coordinate of the intersection point s' of the line op with the line y=1. Basic formulas With t radians corresponds exactly one point p(cos(t),sin(t)) on the unit circle. The square of the distance [op] = 1. Calculating this distance with the coordinates of p we have for each t : cos ²(t) + sin ²(t) = 1 sin ²(t) cos ²(t)+sin ²(t) 1...

Importance of International Business And Globalisation Essay

Importance of International Business And Globalisation - Essay Example International business enhances efficiency of national organizations to enable them to bear the stiff competition in the global markets. National organizations use contemporary management technologies to enhance efficiency and attain economic growth, such organizations employ qualified and experienced experts and workers. With international business, people are highly motivated by increased benefits, salaries, international promotions and transfers and this leads to organizational efficiency and increased economic growth. International business increases economic growth through economic expansion and diversity to earn more profits. Customers’ creation through international markets leads to increased profits. International business creates global markets for their customers through new products introductions, introduction of new distribution methods like e-commerce, e-communication, and shopping. B Globalization influence on countries Globalization has in the past, influenced d ifferent stakeholder groups, and will affect other stakeholders in future. It has caused various changes in the globe. As clearly defines, it is the extensive economic, social and cultural transformations or interdependence that has let to various changes such as a crucial economic prosperity increase, democracy spread, free capital and ideas flow and heightened entrepreneurship and competition. Globalization has opened world economy for both developed and developing nations to participate and benefit as it allows nations to trade products and services with each other. Globalization has accelerated the rate of trade among nations, for instance, by trading with one... This paper approves that since no two cultures have similar characteristics, therefore comprehending business culture and social culture of the people in another country is crucial for business success. This is because culture dictates the content and activities of a society, ranging from its business operation, marketing strategies, its reactions to marketing and advertising, to sales negotiations. Expanding business internationally may face cultural risk and shock, therefore, investigating the culture of the nation one intends to expand to be crucial for successful marketing. Comprehending these issues ensures that one is better prepared to face and overcome the risks before entering the market. This report makes a conclusion that the firm will be unfamiliar with foreign politics and law as no two nations have similar systems of law and politics. All governments have their own laws and regulations in relation to foreign companies and goods so operating in a foreign land may be difficult. Foreign laws and regulations may adversely affect the potential of permanent achievement of the firms. Finally, just like technological advancement, infrastructure if business in foreign markets may be at diverse development level and this may affect the ability of the firm to market its products. The author of the paper talks that the firm will experience some market intelligence challenges, for instance, limitations in understanding how markets operate and how to determine the best market strategy for entry. It will be hard to find reliable data and information for foreign markets.

Architecture - Project Management - Exam Research Paper

Architecture - Project Management - Exam - Research Paper Example The involved parties may not be able to complete the project if the circumstances become unfavorable. Sometimes, such political changes occur that make the execution of project meaningless, thus making it useless for the involved parties to continue the project. 5. The cost has not been rightly estimated at the outset. Sometimes, lack of competence of a single estimator ruins the whole project that is worth billions of dollars. If the cost is under-estimated, the contractor in particular incurs a lot of financial loss. 6. The contractor is not experienced in the nature of work. This can generally cause the project to fail because of weakness in several areas like risk management, construction management, and cost management etc. 7. The people involved in its supervision, execution or management are not experienced or competent enough. A strong work team is fundamental to the success of every project. 8. There parties involved in it like the client, consultant and contractor do not ha ve good rapport with each other. Personal grudges are the biggest threat to the success of every project. 9. â€Å"Failing to break projects into manageable 'chunks'† (Khan, 2011). 10. The procurement method is not consistent with the specifications of the project. List and explain five critical success factors in project management. Five of the ten critical success factors in project management as mentioned by Emond (2011) are as follows: 1. Clear goals and vision: This is the first and foremost requirement in order for a PM to be successful. 2. Support of Executive Management: In order to utilize his/her full potential and make rational decisions keeping in view the resources at hand, a PM requires support of Executive Management. 3. Proper planning: Planning is one of the fundamental PM functions. 4. Realistic expectations: The PM should take care of time, cost and resource constraints while assigning tasks to individuals so that the expectations can be realistic. 5. Skill ed workforce: Since the staff is involved in the work at the grass root level, its competence directly affects the chances of success of a PM. Pre-contract planning vs contract planning: Pre-contract planning revolves around the development of contract. In order to develop a contract, first, the project feasibility study is conducted, followed by the preparation of drawings and identification of specifications, selection of procurement method, time and procedure and selection of contractor for contract. Contract planning takes care of all events that follow the development of contract, which involve development of schedule, cost scheduling and resource leveling. Project Manager Roles Define Project Management. Project management can be defined as the application of competence and methodologies to accomplish activities of a project that is meant to satisfy or exceed the needs and expectations of stakeholders from it. Another definition for project management is â€Å"the process of controlling the achievement of the project objectives, after noting a project to be the achievement of a specific objective, which involves a series of activities and tasks that consume resources† (Munns and Bjeirmi, 1996, cited in Mavengere, n.d., p. 38). Comparison of responsibilities of a Client’s PM with those of a Contractor’s PM at the pre-tender, tender and post-tender stages of project: Pretender stage: Client’

Discrimination in the workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination in the workforce - Essay Example 35). In education, dissemination affects not only the staff, but also teacher-student relations and interaction. Dissemination can take the form of iintentionally harmful actions or prescribed action which limit equal opportunities or humiliate an employee. Also, Elkins (1963) and Sowell (1971) suppose that discrimination was influenced by the period of slavery and racial inequalities (Taylor 1998). Barbara Bergmann (1974) argues that dissemination is a result of the market structure which consists of skilled and non-skilled workforce. Unskilled and low-paid workforce is usually presented by black and minority employees (Taylor 1998). Discrimination and an increase in out-migration of whites from neighborhoods as larger numbers of blacks arrive are the major explanations for black-white segregation. Prejudices and discrimination is due to misunderstandings about the significance of a biological sense of "race" and racist ideas transmitted across generations and based on 'lower biolog ical quality' of African populations. The main cause of segregation and racism is the cultural superiority of "whites" based on their cultural heritage and absence of 'white' slavery. Most Africa-Americans are seen as "lower" class people in contras to "elite" class of whites (Harvey and Allard 2004). Discrimination in the workplace has deep roots. Dissemination by race was eliminated in 1863 by 13th Amendment which made slavery illegal. In 1868, 14th Amendment announced equal protection of all citizens in all states. During the first half of the XX century, black people and racial minorities experienced discriminated in wages and work conditions; they were deprived a chance to receive good education and compete with white majority (Harvey and Allard 2004). Till the middle of the XX century, women occupied clerical jobs and were not promoted to administrative positions. Actions against discrimination go back to 1941 when F. Roosevelt "encouraged minority employment by ordering defence contractors to cease discriminatory hiring" (Yates, n.d.). Further, the policy of anti-discrimination was developed by Lyndon Johnson in 1965 when he "put teeth into minority hiring rules for government contractors' (Yates, n.d.). The next amendments took place under the presidency of J. Kennedy who introduced Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) "establishing to investigate contractors' practices, impose sanctions, collect employment statistics, and ensure compliance with government regulations" (Yates, n.d.). Pre-war period (immigration act was introduced in 1924) was marked by racial prejudices and stereotyping against Asian Americans. The main areas of discrimination were family, religion, criminal justice, education and job opportunities. WWII - 1965 marked a new stage in workforce relations. During this period of time, many low class people entered educational established and found high paid jobs. In response to the growing demand for equal rights, Congress enacted major pieces of modern civil rights legislation during the 1960s that have taken the country an enormous step closer to realizing the promises of the first Reconstruction. These modern statutes, protect racial minorities against most forms of public and private discrimination in employment,

Breast Implants Essay -- essays research papers fc

Breast Implants In the early 1980’s breast implants began gaining popularity, but they have been on the market since the early 1960’s. They were invented by plastic surgeons Cronin and Gerow. Dow Corning began manufacturing them commercially in 1962. Today over two million women have undergone breast augmentation surgery. There are many negative consequences that may arise from the surgery, and there is always the risk of infection or rupture. When beginning my research on the subject I assumed there would be a plethora of information. I was shocked to find out that there wasn’t. Silicone breast implants have been around for 40 years and there have been very few studies on their consequences, and possible effects on a woman’s body. The Food and Drug Administration has never approved the use of silicone implants. It is a surprising fact, because silicone implants are still being used today, but only by women who agree to be in a study of their safety. The politics surround ing breast augmentation are sketchy for lack of a better word. They have been promoted as being safe, yet their safety has never been fully questioned. While looking online, I found a variety of websites on the subject. There were many websites from the plastic surgery industry promoting breast implants as being safe. Then there were the websites like http://www.siliconeholocaust.org, this was by far the most disturbing site I have ever seen. There were dozens of pictures of real women who had their lives ruined by breast implants. If these, and other women had the little information that is available on the subject, they may have opted not to have the surgery because of the unnecessary consequences they now suffer. Every woman has her own reasons behind her decision to get breast implants. Some women have undergone mastectomies, and get breast implants in order to feel â€Å"normal† again. According to the National Women’s Health Network (http://www.womenshealthnetwork.org) women who have lumpectomies have the same survival rate of women who have mastectomies as a result of breast cancer. They concluded that up to 40 percent of women who were diagnosed with breast cancer underwent unnecessary mastectomies. These mastectomies, whether necessary or not may lead to women to undergo breast augmentation surgery. Other women have always felt that their breasts were too small, and out of proportion ... ...o have had breast implants often cannot get health insurance because they have an increased risk of illness. If a woman is able to obtain health insurance she may have to pay a higher premium because of her past plastic surgery history. After learning of the negative consequences that may, and probably will arise from breast implants, it is surprising that so many women are still getting them. It is major surgery and the benefits of having larger breast is not worth the unnecessary chance of death or serious pain for life. More work needs to be done on the study of breast implants because women need to know what they are putting in their bodies. Breast implant manufacturers need to be held responsible, and plastic surgeon should be required to make sure every woman is fully aware of all the possible side effects before she has any type of surgery done. Works Cited Brown University, Department of Biology and Medicine. 14 Feb. 2003 . Darrick Antell Homepage. 15 Feb. 2003 . Department of Health. 15 Feb. 2003 . National Center For Policy (CPR) For Women & Families. 18 Nov. 2002 . National Women’s Health Network. 3 Mar. 2003 . Silicone Gel Breast Implants. 14 Feb. 2003 .

Media Systems in China and the Us

The world is filled with many diverse media systems. These media systems are built on many elements from cultural characteristics to media content. China, for instance has very distinct news reporting guidelines and regulations that affect the media content. In the United States media regulations affect what media we are exposed to and the news reporting that is present. These two media systems have some similarities but they differ greatly from each other in the way and extent that their media is regulated and by the way their news is reported and by who reports the news.The United States has a very vibrant media system with many choices for consumers. The US is about 9. 7 million square kilometers with 278 million people. The most common languages spoken are English and Spanish. Out of the 278 million people, 97% are literate. The country is run by a democratic government and the president is Barack Obama. One of the most important parts of the US is the information system. It is o ne of the most quickly growing sectors of the economy and it has 144,000 businesses dedicated to media. Because of this, media is extremely important in everyday life.Two important aspects of the United States media system that differentiate it from other large media systems are regulation and news reporting. To begin with, regulation in the US is based on democracy. All citizens enjoy the protection of speech under the first amendment which also protects freedom of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. But there is still some regulation. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) controls broadcast stations, amateur radio stations, and repeater stations, just to name a few.These users and stations must obtain and renew an annual license. Also, news stations must operate under licenses for their reporters to report on stories. Overall, the FCC controls six separate areas: broadband, competition, the spectrum (radio), the media, public safety and homeland security. Its main purpose is to promote safety by communicating and publicity. Regulation in the US also strongly affects newspapers and print media. Most newspapers, like broadcast stations, are part of chains that are owned by corporations. Currently, ten different companies own over half of the newspapers in circulation in the US today.Gannett, Knight Rider and Tribune Co. are just a few of those corporations. Since newspapers are owned by powerful companies, there is serious concern that they will gain too much power and influence, but there are no restrictions in place against this. Unlike under the FCC, newspaper journalists only have to be licensed when covering campaigns, the White House, legislatures and sporting events. These journalists are issued credentials as needed. Even though licenses aren’t necessary, journalists face many laws such as those concerning libel and defamation.This prohibits them from publ ishing false statements about people. Also, these journalists face privacy laws. Privacy laws differ between two different people First, AN ALL purpose public figure (Jennifer Aniston), IS someone who chooses to be forced into the public eye, THEY have less protection. Limited purpose public figures (politicians) can choose whether or not to be in the public eye and have slightly more protection. The journalist reporting on these people can be punished if they â€Å"challenge† the privacy of that person.AS FOR CENSORSHIP, luckily, the government is not officially allowed to censor newspapers, magazines, broadcast stations or any other media in the US and there is no censorship agency. News reporting in the US is also very diverse. It has a very strong affect on the government’s policies. MOST PEOPLE CONSIDER THE NEWS REPORTING TO BE A CHECK ON THE GOVERNMENT’S POWER AND A CORRUPTION MONITOR. For example, at the most crucial point during the Vietnam War, the resi gnation of Nixon could be â€Å"directly correlated to the pressure by the media and the news† (Gale).ALSO IT WAS THE INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING OF THE WASHINGTON POST THAT DISCOVERED AND REPORTED THE WATERGATE SCANDAL THAT LED TO THE RESIGNATION OF PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON. (FIND A SOURCE) Currently, there are many news sources, such as newspapers and television. Newspapers subscribe to many varieties of news agencies depending on topic. The Wall Street Journal subscribes to business wires (agencies focusing on business). Bloomberg, Dow Jones, Reuters and Associated Press (AP) are other well known news wires. The Associated Press is the oldest news agency in the world.It is a nonprofit agency which is funded by member subscriptions from over 121 countries. AP transmits data to over one billion people per day (Gale). In addition to newspapers, there are many television news stations. The first news stations were the Detroit News, Kansas City Star, and KDKA. But in 1980, CNN, a li beral news station, was born, and grew into one of the leading news companies in the US. CNN was the first 24 hour news network. Today, Piers Morgan and Anderson Cooper are well known names affiliated with CNN. Today a rival conservative station, Fox News, competes with CNN.Fox has famous correspondents such as Sean Hannity and Mike Huckabee. In addition to these large news stations there is the BBC, Democracy Now and MSNBC and many local news stations that broadcast in over 100 other countries every day. In addition to news stations, there are comedic political shows such as the Daily Show with Jon Stewart and the O’Reilly Factor with Bill O’Reilly. China has a very different culture and media system than the US. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is a large country with about 1. 2 billion people. The most common languages spoken are Chinese and Mandarin. Out of the 1. 2 billion people, 92. % are literate. China has been governed by the Chinese Communist Part y (CCP) since 1949 and is currently under Hu Jintao. The communist rule affects the Chinese media system strongly in many ways. The regulation of the media in China is very extreme. According to the PRC’s Constitution, â€Å"citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration† (Chinese Constitution). But these rights are not guaranteed. The government will not take the chance of being damaged by what the Chinese citizens say. Regulation begins with the CCP.The CCP uses â€Å"central control of the press as a tool for public education, propaganda and mass mobilization towards socialist progress† (Gale). The mass media is not allowed to report any aspect of the Chinese policy making process, or any serious government event for that matter. Media regulation also exists IS DIRECTED THROUGH the Central Propaganda Department. This department deals with censorship from provincial to local township levels. It controls â€Å"state run culture, education, sports, science and technology and media sectors. † Many compare this department with the church in medieval Europe (Westminster. c. uk). It is thought to keep the Chinese away from democracy. Newspapers, Television and Internet are also strongly regulated. All newspapers must be approved by the State Press and Publications Committee. Before the economic reform in 1992, all papers relied on state funding but after, 1/3 of those papers had private funding so they SUPPOSEDLY had freedom of speech—but they are still subject to censorship. Television cable stations are one of the few media sources ARE ALSO not funded by the government. They work off of cable fees. Lastly, the internet is highly regulated.Websites must get qualifications certificates to post any type of information online from sports to news. People who violate these laws may face life in prison. News reporting in China is also very different HEAVILY REGULATED. There is ONLY one CCP mandated news agency called Xinhua News. It has had a monopoly on Chinese news since 1931. Xinhua is comprised of three major departments: domestic, international and the general office (entertainment). They release news daily, weekly and monthly including reports such as Zhongguo Zhengquan (business news and stock market) and Xinhua Meiri Dianxun (general interest report).It is the â€Å"largest and most articulated internal news system in China† (Gale). It is divided into many â€Å"secrecy† groups on a need to know basis. The many levels of the Party bureaucracy control the daily operations of the Xinhua agency. In addition to Xinhua News Agency, China Central Television (CCTV) broadcasts news 24 hours a day in English. Also, an independent magazine called China Now, reports on social, economic and cultural news. In an article about Chinese citizens accessing BBC for the first time, citizens voiced their f rustration of not being able to see western news publications even if they talked about events in China (BBC).There are a few distinct similarities between the media systems of the US and China. First both countries have very high literacy rights, a very high number of newspapers and a equally large land mass to cover. Both countries television stations are not funded through the government and are either privately funded or funded through user fees. Also, both countries have news agencies that reach billions of people. Xinhua focuses on daily reports that are sent to the outside world while CNN has broadcasts in over 100 countries.DESPITE THESE SIMILARITIES, There are many more differences between the US and Chinese media systems, though. China has twice as many television stations as the US although the US has ten times as many radio stations as China. â€Å"Reporters without Borders† ranks the US at 20 and China at 171, a drastic difference Concerning regulation, China doe s not have the guaranteed freedom of speech while the US does and Chinese journalists must be licensed at all times. There is no censorship agency in the US, but in China, the CCP censors every bit of media, making sure it is all favorable to the government.Also, the Chinese Central Propaganda Department deals with censorship and propaganda from local to governmental levels while the US has no such department. The newspapers in China are sometimes government funded while all US newspapers are owned privately by corporations. Concerning news reporting, China only has one main news station (Xinhua) while the US has many (CNN, MSNBC and Fox) ALLOWING FOR HEALTHY COMPETITION. Most political preferences are represented in the US media while only one is represent in China.China and the United States have very distinct media systems that make them very different from one another. China has very strict regulations making their news and print media very biased. The United States has relaxed rules and values the freedom of speech and press, which give the citizens a wide variety of news and media to choose from AND ENSURES THAT INFORMATION IS EASILY AND READILY AVAILABLE. THIS DIFFERENCE SERVES TO PROTECT DEMOCRACY IN THE US WHEREAS IN THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA CENSORSHIP AND CONTROL OVER THE MEDIA PROTECTS THE AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENT OF THE CCP.